Rhetorical Analysis Of Benjamin Banneker - 821 Words

In 1791 Benjamin Banneker, the son of a former slave, wrote a letter to Thomas Jefferson, framer of the Declaration of Independence and secretary of state to President George Washington, arguing against slavery. Banneker constructs an argument in his letter to persuade Jefferson of the cruelty and inhumanity that slavery entails. Motivated by the desire to convince Jefferson to abolish slavery, Banneker appeals to pathos by comparing slavery to the American Revolution, appeals to logos by referencing the Declaration of Independence, and establishes ethos by making a biblical allusion. Throughout Banneker’s letter to Jefferson he alludes to the American Revolution. Banneker uses that American Revolution to call to mind the â€Å"state of†¦show more content†¦In addition to using pathos Banneker establishes ethos in his letter to argue against slavery. Banneker appeals to Jefferson by presenting Jefferson’s own work, The Declaration of Independence, to help stre ngthen his argument. Banneker emphasizes Jefferson’s famous line that â€Å"all men are created equal†. He points to the fact that Jefferson wrote that all men are equal, yet he is a hypocrite because he considers slaves inferior, not deserving of the freedom that he and the rest of America have. Using Jefferson’s own work Banneker not only appeals to Jefferson’s sense of authority but also strengthens his argument against slavery. Banneker continues to use Jefferson’s piece by referring Jefferson’s words that, the rights which all humans have are bestowed on them by God. Banker argues that slavery counteracts God’s mercies â€Å"in detaining my brethren under groaning captivity†. He goes on to say that Jefferson â€Å"should cut the same time be found guilty of that most criminal act which you professedly detested in others with respect to yourselves†. These lines reiterate the fact that Jefferson is once agin employing hypocrisy. He writes that God has bestowed rights upon all humans which cannot be taken away but Jefferson attempt to take them away through the act of slavery. Banneker states that the the base upon which america is built upon is the thing they are found guilty of disregarding.Show MoreRelatedBenjamin Banneker Rhetorical Analysis1326 Words   |  6 PagesBanneker Analysis After the Revolutionary War, and while America was still trying to establish itself, it faced many problems in society, including the issue of race and slavery. There were many Americans who viewed blacks as inferior beings who should be confined to a life of slavery. Thomas Jefferson, the father of The Declaration of Independence, was one of those people. In 1791, Benjamin Banneker, a free and educated black man, responded to Jefferson’s work,c Notes on the State of Virginia, whichRead MoreBenjamin Banneker Rhetorical Analysis791 Words   |  4 Pageshe had experienced first hand. Benjamin Banneker, the son of former slaves, writes to the framer of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson in 1791. He speaks for â€Å"his brethren† and asks Jefferson to â€Å"wean yourself from those narrow prejudices which you have imbibed with respect to them [slaves].† This recommendation is supported by emotional appeals describing the extent of slavery, reflections of Jefferson’s hypocrisy, and countless repetition. Banneker appeals extensively to Jefferson’sRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Benjamin Banneker928 Words   |  4 PagesBenjamin Banneker, the son of former slaves, writes to Thomas Jefferson in 1791 in an effort to denounce slavery in the United States. His letter was written in an era during a time which slavery was commonly practiced in the United States. In his appeals, Benjamin touches on topics of the cruel way blacks were treated and attempts to persuade Thomas Jefferson to reconsider his tolerance of such a heartless system. In his letter, Banneker utilizes ethos, pathos, logos, textual citation, and textualRead MoreThomas Jefferson Rhetorical Analysis1011 Words   |  5 PagesMy rhetorical analysis is about a free African-American almanac writer, naturalist, and farmer who fought against slavery and who earned the recognition of many high officials of the time, including Thomas Jefferson. As D.L. Chandler pointed out, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on A ugust 19, 1791, to condemn the practice of slavery in the United States. Banneker attempted to persuade Thomas Jefferson of his forbearance of slave practices and the fact that he owned slaves yet pronounced

Heaven versus Hell in the Film Latin America since...

In Latin America Since Independence, Alexander Dawson stated that the Cuban Revolution remains a â€Å"powerfully polarizing symbol.† This means that it causes people to adapt to opposing positions, the good versus the evil. For instance, the good was the Utopian vision, which consisted of the positive contribution that the Revolution brought with it to the poor and the Dystopian which would be the shaping of the social, political and private affairs. Utopian vision means to create ideas that would bring a nation into perfection. While, Dystopian is the opposite and demonstrate the reality of problem that in the case of Cuba was the totalitarian government and the social struggle of the people. Thanks to Oliver Stone’s film â€Å"Looking for Fidel,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦These opposition, as it is discussed in Dawson’s textbook, was â€Å"Cuban in origin, [which] Castro managed to cast acts of sabotage, attempted assassinations, and any number of protests as the work of the CIA† (195). Fidel was fighting to get rid of all his internal and external enemies and according to him this would be possible by embracing a communism nation. Years after, the effect of radical economy policies caused Fidel to eliminate different professions and this made his enemies to go on exile, so the Kennedy Administration took this as an advantage and passed a law to give asylum to those Cubans who opposed the Fidel’s regime. However, it was interesting to know that it was an advantage to Fidel because he was able to get rid of the opposition. Later on, the importance that Fidel implement on getting of the opposition created organizations that brought young people and women to the struggle. Olive Storm’s â€Å"Looking for Fidel Castro† illustrates the Utopian and the Dystopian vision of Cuba. In this film, we see how the interview to Fidel Castro brings examples of the two conflicting sides of the Cuban Revolution. First, Fidel discusses about the different events that took place when three men were killed for the attempt to hijack a ferry to the United States and about the failure to maintain the Cuban dissidents. He tries to blame those rebels and toShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesfour apples. You wish you had bothered to haul in that twelve-pack of Dr. Pepper you decided to leave in the car’s trunk. What do you do? Nobody brought cell phones. You could yell, but that is unlikely to help; you havent seen any other hikers since the trip began. You try yelling, but all you get is an echo. You briefly think about snow, but realize there isnt any. Emilio says he has an idea: Boil the water from the stream. When it cools, you could drink it and make breakfast and continueRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagessuccesses/Robert F. Hartley. —11th ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-16981-0 (pbk.) 1. Marketing—United States—Case studies. I. Title. HF5415.1.H37 2009 658.800973—dc22 2008040282 ISBN-13 978-0-470-16981-0 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PREFACE Welcome to the 30th anniversary of Marketing Mistakes and Successes with this 11th edition. Who would have thought that interest in mistakes would be so enduring? Many of you are pastRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesEdition Erik W. Larson Oregon State University Clifford F. Gray Oregon State University PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the priorRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 Pagesinterest and taxes Total interest charges Proï ¬ ts before taxes and interest + lease obligations Total interest charges + lease obligations RATIO 1 Debt-to-assets WHAT IT SHOWS Total borrowed funds as a percentage of total assets Borrowed funds versus the funds provided by shareholders Leverage used by the ï ¬ rm 2 Debt-to-equity 3 Long-term debt-to-equity 4 Times-interest-earned (or coverage ratio) 5 Fixed charge coverage The ï ¬ rm’s ability to meet all interest payments The ï ¬ rm’s abilityRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesreproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying

Public funding of the arts Essay Example For Students

Public funding of the arts Essay If art is publicly funded, censorship should be allowed. Artists should be allowed to create anything their heart desires even if it offends people however, if their art is being funded by a public source the first amendment should no longer apply and the art should be created in a way that the general society sees fit and is not offended by. This is a matter of great debate and one of the biggest issues is who decides if the art is appropriate. The united States Government is by no means required to use tax payer money to fund the expression Of the arts, but once the government funds a program they are not allowed to withdraw funding if they disagree With the art being shown. This rule essentially bans the government from applying any censors on the art shown in these programs. Basically once the government decides to fund a program of the arts they are required to stand by their decision under U. S. Law. Also the government is not allowed to push their viewpoints onto biblically funded programs. As stated by the National Coalition Against Censorship, public funding for the arts does not low the government to play the role of censor. (Kenilworth). Prohibiting the government to make any sort of decision of the art they fund is a flawed system and there needs to be some sort of retort such as having elected members of a committee determine which art is appropriate, but also have a set of checks and balances in place to prevent corruption It is true that if the government does not like certain pieces of art they have no obligation to fund it in the first place, but once a program gets backed by the government basically has free reign to Penn the tax payers money however they want. This can turn into a very large issue. For example, in 1989 protests erupted over an exhibit in which an artist who Vass receiving money from the government displayed a piece of art in which he submerged Jesus Christ on a Crucifix in his own urine. The aptly named Pips Christ was one of many disgusting and sometimes disturbing pieces that went under review in a 1989 Supreme Court case. (Squiggly). In this court case the government attempted to completely cut funding for the National Endowment or the Arts if they continued to allow pornographic material or material that is shocking by any standards to be paid for by tax payer money. A bill was ultimately passed that banned NEE funding for materials that may be considered obscene. This was a huge improvement in an otherwise unrestrictive and very controversial program for decades. However, this bill does not guarantee that obscene material will not get funded. As many artists find loopholes by claiming their work has artistic value, Although the government has made great strides in stringing pay for shocking material, somebody always finds a way to have their vulgar and disgusting material funded, There is great debate on how to define their work as having no artistic value. The Miller Test, Created after a supreme court case in 1971 has a three pronged system that tries to classify which art should be prohibited. Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards (not national standards, as some prior tests required), would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest; whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct or excretory functions specifically defined by applicable state law; whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value (Miller V. .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .postImageUrl , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:hover , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:visited , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:active { border:0!important; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:active , .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904 .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue5f6c73c08e1ca07d4b982e3d059b904:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The human race has advanced over many years, and during this time, moral standards have developed EssayCalifornia). This System has successfully made it easier to prevent shocking or pornographic material from being biblically funded and although it has its flaws it has not only saved the taxpayers paying for this material, it has also made the definition of obscene art a little less vague. The debate on Whether or not the government is allowed to censor art is an ongoing one, but it is safe to say that the majority of tax payers do not want to see their money wasted on things such as Pips Jesus. Ultimately what deems a piece of art to be classified as too obscene or shocking is a matter of opinion and that is exactly why this problem will arise in the future. Common sense should be the deciding factor, if general society protests a piece of art or the art is made just for the purpose of pushing the boundaries of the law it should not be funded by the government.

The main ideas in at least three poems by diffrernt authors Essay Example For Students

The main ideas in at least three poems by diffrernt authors Essay On the other hand phantoms are seen as scary things because they are ghosts. Perhaps the poet is trying to put across that the female looked like a ghost. Then again this could be a metaphor to describe her as an angel. The poet has used adjectives to make the poem more effective and powerful to the reader, her dusky hair. So far the poems structure has been flowing nicely until the last two lines effectively make the poem upbeat, an image gay, To haunt, to startle, and way-lay. The first verse has seemed to praise the female and make her seem like a special person. The second verse proves slightly differently. We will write a custom essay on The main ideas in at least three poems by diffrernt authors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The use of the exclamation mark on the second line on the second verse, A Spirit, yet a Woman too! , projects to the reader that the poet is somewhat surprised that she is in fact a woman. This may be to express the metaphor on the first verse, the assumption that he is portraying her as an angel. Then again he may be insulting her, referring to the way that she looks. The third line on the second verse, Her household motions light and free, make the reader think that perhaps the poet is talking about the way she walks/acts. He may be saying that she walks gracefully and beautifully then again he may be saying that she has nothing. He may be making the assumption that she is in fact poor and has nothing hence walking, light and free. The seventh and eighth line on the second verse, A creature not too bright or good For human natures daily food, is a long metaphor. The female is not in fact a creature nor is she food for a human. The poet may be trying to relate to what someone has to deal with. Therefore, once again, insulting the female character by saying she is not too bright or good. The last two lines of this verse are once again up beat. This flows with the structure set out on the first verse. This second verse seems like the poet is slightly wary of the female character, as if he were having second thoughts about her, unlike the first verse where he seemed to praise her all the way through. The poet has once more used a metaphor on the second line of the third verse, the very pulse of the machine. The machine is relating to the female. He may be saying that she is like a machine, someone who is being worked unwillingly. The poet then describes her breathing thoughtful breath. The reader understands by this that she is perhaps being controlled perfectly and is being portrayed as a perfect figure. The poet then goes on to say that she is a Traveler between life and death. Some may say that this portrays the image that she may be lost. Then again some may argue that he is basically saying that she is so perfectly controlled that she is not life nor is she death. Perhaps she doesnt exist. The fifth to eighth line is upbeat and breaks the flowing structure to the poem. As we understood, the only upbeat parts in the first and second verse were the last two lines but the third verse has chosen differently. After all this speculation of what she is and how she is, the last line says she is something of angelic light. The poet praising her like an angel, just like the metaphor in the beginning of the poem did. It seems like the poet chooses to overcome all of his wary thoughts about the female and decides that she is a good person. Emily Dickinson: By the Sea. I started early, took my dog, And visited the sea; The mermaids in the basement Came out to look at me. And frigates in the upper floor Extended hempen hands, Presuming me to be a mouse Aground, upon the sands. But no man moved me till the tide Went past my simple shoe, And past my apron and my belt, And past my bodice too, And made as he would eat me up .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 , .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .postImageUrl , .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 , .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8:hover , .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8:visited , .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8:active { border:0!important; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8:active , .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8 .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueab7c42f318df9b96d1fad7a5c2d60e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dead Poet's Society: Neil Perry's Death EssayAs wholly as a dew Upon a dandelions sleeve And then I started too. And he he followed close behind; I felt his silver heel Upon my ankle, then my shoes Would overflow with pearl. Until we met the solid town, No man he seemed to know; And bowing with a mighty look At me, the sea withdrew. This poem may be interpreted in many different ways. Many may argue that the poem is quite simply about the sea and a female, And visited the sea. Where others may read in between the lines and argue that it is a sexually orientated poem about a man and a woman, He would eat me up and He followed close behind. The first verse gives the reader the first clue of the sea, And visited the sea. The author also uses a metaphor in this verse, The mermaids in the basement came out to look at me. Of course the mermaids did not come out to look at her because they do not exist. Some may agree that the mermaids relate to the fish in the water and that the female in the story finds them to be as beautiful as mermaids. Then again, it may simply be that the poet is primarily attracted to the sea. This first verse is very innocent and sounds a little like a fairytale, as does the second verse. We cam tell that she has chosen to go to the sea, visited, tells us that the sea was the destination. We can also tell that the poet has used the metaphor of a house in the first and second verse. Basement may relate to the bottom of the sea and the upper floor may relate to the surface of the sea. The poet uses personification to describe the sea as a man in the first verse. The reader may believe that the female is sexually innocent, though no man moved me until she is sexually moved, moved me Till the tide surrounded her. The tide has moved up her body and past her, Bodice. This brings forward sexual interpretations to the reader. The third and fourth verses seem to be very sexual, perhaps as if a man were sexually attacking her. He would eat me up portrays the image that she is scared of him. On the contrary, many would argue that him is actually the sea, therefore she is only relating to the waves themselves. The last line of the third verse makes the reader think that perhaps she is starting to be sexual herself, as though she has given herself into the man, And then I started too. The first line of the fifth verse on the other hand, sounds as though she is trying to escape from him, And he he followed close behind. The repetition used is the only repetition used in the poem and portrays the image that she is scared. His silver heel and overflow with pearl may also have some sexual meaning, yet some may argue that it is simply the sea flowing on her and the pearl would relate to the foam from the sea. The last verse tells us that she has reached safety, meet the solid town. The word solid emphasises that she has reached the town, therefore perhaps giving the reader a sign of relief. The third line on the last verse states that the sea headed off bowing with a mighty look. Some may argue that he is acknowledging his opponent because he has bowed to her, though we know that the sea has not actually bowed, the poet is using a metaphor. Many may argue that this poem is in no way sexual whatsoever but is in fact interpreting the possibility that the female has a phobia of the sea and therefore the poet has written this poem to make the reader read in between the lines.

Microsoft marketing Essay Example

Microsoft marketing Essay Task 1 1 . a The various elements of Marketing Process ORGANIZATION CULTURE Organizational culture is the sum of values and ritudals which serve as glue to integrate the members of the organization. † Richard Perrin page 4by Michael Watkins May 15, 2013 Culture is a carrier of meaning. Cultures provide not only a shared view of what is but also of why is. In this view, culture is about the story in which people in the organization are embedded, and the values and rituals that reinforce that narrative. It also focuses attention on the importance of symbols and he need to understand them † including the idiosyncratic languages used in organizations † in order to culture understand. Organizational culture is the values and behaviors that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization culture includes the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefs and habits. It is also the pattern of such collective behaviors and assumptions that are taught to new organizational members as a way of perceiving, and even thinking and feeling. The definition of culture implies three things: perception, shared and descriptive. ORGANIZATION CULTURE ISSUES Let see Apple company how they represent current issues in organization culture. Organizational Culture at Apple, Apple Inc. is a global computer manufacturing company that is going through major changes in its organizational culture and it is organizational structure due to several events of the past few years. This is a company that grew extremely fast in little time, that their management found themselves not being able to keep their operations and finances under control. Apple Inc. as been forced to reevaluate and redesign culture and organizational structure to avoid bankruptcy. The organizational culture of Apple is one of change; with the drive to outperform and succeed as their major objectives. The culture of Apple was based on an ideal that self-motivated individuals will work harder if they do not have a boss micromanaging every action. The unique structure of Ap ple had allowed it to grow and react more quickly to changes than its competitors. The reason for the quick responsiveness is simple; it is much easier to get a project started if there are only a few people to obtain approval from. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft marketing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Apple initially grew fast, because decisions were made at the lowest possible level. Corporate headquarters made olicy and oversaw all activities, but the local employees made the day-to-day decisions on the ground in countries all over the world. This type of top-down philosophy allowed for quick responsiveness and resolutions to situations without involving the corporate headquarters, thus avoiding corporate red tape (Mc Shane and Travgltone, 2005, pp 89-290) ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Organization structure is the formal arrangement of Jobs within an organization. This structure which can be shown visually in an organization chart, also serve many purpose. When manager create or change the structure, they are engaged in rganization design, a process that involves decisions about six key elements, work specialization, departmentalization, chain of command, span of control, centralization, ana decentrallzatlon, ana Tormallzatlon. I nus, every managerial decision is a best-effort compromise made in an environment of uncertainty, its follow these steps: 1. Defining / Identifying the managerial problem, 2. Analyzing the problem 3. Developing alternative solutions, 4. Selecting the best solution out of the available alternatives 5. Converting the decision into action Fifgurel : Decision making process l. b Organizational Chart Figure 2: Company Organization Chart Departmentalization is the basis by which Jobs are grouped together. Organizations may be departmentalized by function, product, geography, process, or customer. So for this company the departmentalization functional having: Administrative Division, Investigate Division, Support Division and Uniform Division The chain of command is an unbroken line of authority that extends from the top of the organization to the lowest level and clarifies who reports to whom. The unity-of-command principle states that a person should have only one supervisor to whom he or she is directly responsible. Bellow of Administrative have profile, planning lnvestigate, family protect, task force, specialist detail. Under Support service have record, information, security office, maintain service, system administrative. Final is Uniform, their chain includes special operation, patrol selection and traffic selection Span of control refers to the number of employees that can be directed by one manager. Narrow spans of control allow for close control, while wider spans of control reduce costs, speed up decision making, increase flexibility, and empower employees. That company let talk about chain of employee, one department is controlled by one anager and must be follow him. The ideal span of control will Decentralized organizations allow lower-level personnel or provide input or actually make decisions. The recent trend has been towards decentralization and this trend design for this company. Because this a big company, they cannot come one by one to ask the chef. For instance, when company met problem about vehicle maintain, if it is not so heavy, the supervisor of that department can solve or maybe can ask for security office support them Task 2 Green Fashion The Brilliant Business Model Behind HMs Clothes Recycling Plan From Business small on June 24 This story is what I mention about managerial decision and what let them to this decision. Last of part is what can I study from this story. H M is The worlds second-biggest retailer, and they want make environment become Green. In fact it is not easy to do but it can geta lots profit. By that idea they Degln to make plan ana ao It I ney give some promotlon ana nave a Tasclnatlng new plan to cut waste in the fast-fashion business. HM sustainability manager Henrik Lampa told Bloomberg: We dont want clothes to become waste, we want them to become a resource indeed. He want the clothes become a resource indeed. By the time it next reports earning, H may have recycled a bunch of ratty old skinny Jeans into revenue. If the recycling program functions correctly, it could help turn around Hs same-store sales, which fell another 4 percent in the three months through May So WHAT IS DICISION from this story, we can analysis: It is GREEN said by manager Henrik Lampa told Bloomberg: We dont want clothes to become waste, we want them to become a resource indeed WHAT LED TO THAT DECISION: Because he dont want waste clothes and he want to recycle its, he want to make it become esources for new product From this innovation and strategies what was happened? For next reports earning, HM may have recycled a bunch of ratty old skinny Jeans May. The most important they can earn from this decision is customer satisfaction, almost customers feel company is generous and company get a good impression, they also bring a lots customer from this decision What bring to my mind from this story? Before answer this question, Just ask yourself, Do you like the clean environment, a green life? As we see from results we will know Green decision get good business for company and effect to customers. Meaning before I want to give any decision I must be get acknowledge what is important to focuses, and it is need, and what is the best ways to do it. Like H M they no need to buy a system to make Green, by the simple ways to use old product to recycle become new product. Is it environment of human and they was point at customer psychology. And the second point is that decision is easier to drive buy a nee but you must be flexible in creating 2. b Leadership style Leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Kurt Lewin (1939) led a group of researchers to identify different styles of leadership. This early study has been very influential and established three major leadership styles: (Lewin, Llippit, White 1939, U. S. Army Handbook, 1973) autocratic or authoritarian participative or democratic delegative or laissez-fair. As we know, no leadership style is the best and appropriate for all situations. Instead a manager can adopt the leadership style depend on the situation. There is a need for matching leaders and Job situations to achieve organizational effectiveness. Often, your technical skills can only take you so far. To help you move forward in your career, you need soft skills such as the ability to be a good leader. Therefore, leadership skills are considered to be important traits which can help you get to the top of your career field. Youre more likely to be hired or get a promotion if youve been successful in leadership roles in your professional or personal life. Few people are born to be leaders. Most of us need to practice being a good leader, and thats why leadership development is so important. There are many different types of leadership, and there are many skillsets that can help you become a successful leader. In my view if I want become a true leader I will think about Demographic style. It sounds easy enough. Instead of one defined leader, the group leads ItselT. Egalltarlan to tne core, democratic leaders are Trustratea Dy tne enormous effort required to build consensus for even the most mundane decisions as well as the glacial pace required to lead a group by fiat. The potential for poor decision-making and weak execution is significant here. The biggest problem with democratic leadership is its underlying assumptions that everyone has an equal stake in an outcome as well as shared levels of expertise with regard to decisions. Thats rarely the case. While democratic leadership sounds good in theory, it often is bogged down in its own slow process, and workable results usually require an enormous amount of effort. This style involves the leader including one or more employees in the decision making process (determining what to do and how to do it). However, the leader maintains the final decision making authority. Using this style is not a sign of weakness, rather it is a sign of strength that your employees will respect. This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your mployees have other parts. A leader is not expected to know everything†this is why you employ knowledgeable and skillful employees. Using this style is of mutual benefit as it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better decisions. So the first I will be taking initiative. Most bosses will assign their employees tasks that the employees have proven to be adept at. Therefore, dont wait to take on more responsibilities. Go above and beyond at your current position. A good way to develop your skills is to take on extra projects outside of your Job description. How to improve my leadership style? In my view, the first, the more work you do, the more you are learning. Beside that you also must be critical thinking, you can hire for a high-profile Job, you will need to be a critical thinker. Good leaders are able to foresee potential problems before they happen. They can then develop ways to prevent the problems from happening. Good leaders are also aware of potential opportunities and take advantage of them to benefit the company and employees. Listening effectively, as we know one of the most important skills for a leader is listening. Without listening skills, you are not able to get feedback from others and get a sense of what team members like about the projects they work on. Feedback is a key. To listen effectively, you need to maintain eye contact, avoid distractions and respond appropriately. Keep in mind, communication is not only about verbal communication. Be aware of body language and gestures to determine what people are really saying. Motivate others if your actions inspire to another person, to them dream more, they want learn more, do more and become more, you will be a leader. A true leader should be affected people. When employees or coworkers lose their ambitions and passions, a true leader can analyze and motivate them. How do leaders motivate people? First, they know what people need and want. Sometimes, they are facing difficulties, tired of doing the same repetitive tasks or disappointed, they will lose their motivation because they are not being asked to get involved. As a plan to become a leader on two years future, I will talk to them whats going on, and share your personal stories with them to encourage them to get energy and power to be strength. I will be strictly and make fun on time. Especially I will make them respect me by my knowledge and my ways management Task 3 3. a Employee recognition example Before I came to Singapore, I worked V- Freight Ltd. My company sale furnisher and transTer to European market. At tnat time I worked as customer service, ana my manager want to offering an extra week of paid vacation for employees that reach their five-year service anniversary can be part of a package that improves employee retention. Employees that exhibit good attendance each quarter can be rewarded with an extra paid personal day off. Time-off rewards packages can be as simple as llowing the person voted employee of the month to take one half-day off each week during the month I am honored. Beside that another sale department giving the 50 chairs, Paris trip awards, it means who can sale 50 wood chairs one month will get the trip to Paris. Of course all of staffs try to persuade and find cooperation partner. And one things specially was happened. One of staff in Sale Department got it. She reach the target and company was recognition her achievement. Some of my friend they worked at 69 Pizza Restaurant, their restaurant awards is not eally big, they only can get weekend party if they received good comments from customers. But to them it is enough energy and motivation to perform their goals . Another example is about Viet Travel Tourist company, their program called New way it means if any staff, tour guide can pass the l am the best tour guide Contest will be promote to upper position. To me I really like this incentive of Viet Travel. All tour guide try to learn soft skill and hard skill to past this contest. And what was happened? So surprised all of them was performed really good, but the assistant of Marketing Department was recognition. She was become the best tour guide, and promote to marketing manager, every people must be recognition her ability Page 175 chapter seven Motivating Employee Organization and Behaviour of Stephen P. Robins Mary Coulter, one excited example is about managers at Yum Brands Inc. were looking ways to reduce employee turnover. They found a successful customer service program involving peer recognition at the firm s KFC restaurants in Australia. Workers there spontanrously rewarded fellow workers with Champs cards, an acronym for attributes such as cleanliness, hospitality, and accuracy. Yum implemented the program in other restaurants around the word and credits the peer recognition with reducing hourly employee turnover from 181 percent to 109 percent. From five examples above we know there are a lots ways to encourage workers, employee.. it can be money, prizes, plaques, travel and public commendations. The payouts of sales contests are usually called awards. All of the methods to incentive also get benefit, by others way they also want to complete duties, tasks and goals. We cannot say this method is good or another is not good, because it depend on every eople requirements, purposes and targets. Task 4 4. a Group Conflict What is group conflict? Group conflict is always on the edge of any team project or organization. Knowing that group conflict can potentially reveal itself at any moment, can help managers and team leaders deal with potential issue and thus deal with group conTllct DeTore It arises. Group conTllct can De separated Into two sun- categories of conflict: inter-group conflict (in which distinct groups of individuals are at odds with one another), and intra-group conflict (in which select individuals a part of the same group clash with one another). Although both forms of conflict have the ability to spiral upward in severity, it has been noted that conflict present at the group level (i. e. , inter-group rivalries) is generally considered to be more powerful than conflict present at an individual level a phenomenon known as the discontinuity effect. When is conflict functional and when is it dysfunctional? According to researcher it depends on type of conflict. There are three kinds of conflict, task conflict, relationship conflict and process conflict. The first is Task Conflict, that conflict means over content and goals of work . Task conflict arises when intra-group members disagree on issues that are relevant to meeting shared goals. Second is Process Conflict, that conflict happen when over how work gets done which refers to disagreement over the methods or procedures the group should use in order to complete its tasks. It occurs when strategies, policies, and procedures clash. Relationship Conflict it means conflict base on interpersonal relationship, it is also known as affective conflicts, personality conflicts, emotional conflicts, or relationship conflicts, are conflicts that occur when group members dislike one another. One study of high level corporate executives revealed that 40% of disputes were due to individual enmity between the principals without specific reference to other issues (Morrill, 1995, p. 69). Criticism, when one person evaluates another, or his/her work negatively, is one common cause of personal conflict. When your work at a team, a group and you see the conflict arise, how do you handle it? If a team member has a conflict with the team leader, the first step is to identify the type of conflict. The most conflict happen is Relationship conflict and how to handle it. It means discussed rivately between the team leader and team member, or between member to member. Lets talk about conflict between team member and team leader. In my opinion the team member should explain for leader that there appears to be conflict and how he or she wants to resolve it, team leader should be gather them and talk together, slowly analysis and solve problem. Team leader need to understand team member and after that he can make an event, for example, do a gamble mean Leader. It means every team member can become the team leader, and then all team members can understand difficulties of team leader. In conclusion, team conflict is n important and integral part of any team that exists. As we have outlined it in this chapter, conflict, if approached effectively and managed appropriately, can exponentially work in the favor of any team. In my opinion appropriate management of the relative type of team conflict at hand is critical for teams to be successful. These concepts will help teams improve their functionality and dynamic effectiveness in an effort to reach their ultimate goals in reaching to be a high performing team. 4. b Control Measure for employee and organization At this part I will manager of a customer call for time share vacation. The question is how to control to see efficient and effective an employee Control measure for employee: I believe individual employees should be measured as to how many calls he or she handles in a day, the number of time shares they have sold, positive or negative survey TeeaoacK In tne areas 0T Trlenallness ana Knowledge 0T products or services offered. Then I want to add control measures to monitor the knowledge of products or services of each individual in relation to set targets. I would like to evaluate methods being used by the individual to make their sales, so I can control measure by monthly sale. The end of the day, whether in the private, public or voluntary sector, it is all about adding value. Employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction are always a means to an ends, in some higher purpose. Measuring contribution towards that higher purpose is surely the ultimate measure of success. Control measure for organization: For the call center as a whole, I would like to measure the total number of calls received in a day, the number of dropped calls or missed sales in a day, whether calls are being dispersed evenly amongst representatives working in a given day and how many calls each person takes on average in a day. After that I will implement stronger controls in measuring the total sales on a daily basis, to compare historical data year over year for profit and call history data. So last year total sale will be control measure. Another solutions is depending on index, It means when the index rate goes up, it means that your financial measurement in case of financial index is satisfactory and no immediate action required even if one of its indicator is not doing well and so on if index goes down.. With further drill down to its indicator you can point the reason that affects this drop that will give you a focus and quick win olution technique to raise the performance in limited time. Feedback control refers to the control that concentrates on the post organizational performance. So for this situation I will use feedback control to assess the performance. Range goal means standards that set a balance between the short range and long range goals. 1 . Task la and 1b 1 Task 4a and 4b References.. 86 Appendix 97 Table of contents List of references 2. Task 2a and 2b . 3 3. Task 3. 7 5. List of 1. Richard Perrin page 4by Michael Watkins May 15, 2013 2. Decision Making Process In Management Problem Solving. 2013. Decision Making Process In Management Problem Solving. [ONLINE] Available at: http://kalyan- city. blogspot. com/2010/06/decision-making-process-in-management. html 3. The Brilliant Business Model Behind HMs Clothes Recycling Plan Businessweek. 2013. The Brilliant Business Model Behind Hs Clothes Recycling Plan Businessweek. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. businessweek. com/articles/2013-06-24/the- brilliant-business-model-behind-h-and-ms-clothes-recycling-plan.

Marketing Theory Case of The Coca Cola Company The WritePass Journal

Marketing Theory Case of The Coca Cola Company Introduction Marketing Theory Case of The Coca Cola Company IntroductionMarketing OrientationThe marketing environmentSocial-cultural environmentEconomic/competitiveTechnological environment/innovation affectingMarketing MixProductPricing The Coca-Cola Companies’ Competitive Pricing Strategy PromotionSWOT AnalysisStrengthsWeaknesses: Opportunities: Threats: ConclusionReference and BibliographyRelated Introduction This report focuses on specific marketing theory, relevant to The Coca Cola Company, marketing theory include Marketing Orientation, Marketing Mix, Marketing environment and SWOT analysis. The author will make analysis of these theories, with an application to the attitudes and marketing decisions of The Soft-Drinks Manufacturer. Marketing Orientation This is when a company takes into account its customers’ needs when making decisions concerning their services they offer and items of sale. There are many benefits of doing this, as the product will more likely meet the needs of their targeted audience, therefore consumers will be more willing to by the product, there is more of a guarantee the product will sale. However in previous decades, many businesses have opted for a product-orientation approach, this is when a company is more concerned with the production of the product, and the systems that are used in its production. (The Times 100, n.d) (The Times 100, n.d) states in the recent decades many companies had preferred to be more product-orientated than customer-orientated, because of the increase in competitiveness within the market, these companies that adopted this orientation were losing out, as a company within a competitive market can only should strive to develop products that suit their audience needs, in failing to do so, they will lose customers fast in the competitive market, this demonstrates the need for products to be more consumer focused especially if a company is operating in a competitive marketing environment, if a company prides itself on the quality of its services and products, through   the usage of new expensive technologies for example, then it would be understandable as to why they would continue to be product orientated. (The Times 100, n.d) Some companies are adopting both orientations, taking into account both the expectations and needs of the customer as well as the quality of product for the item of sale. According to the source, many companies like Coca-Cola are moving towards market (customer) and product orientation, in doing this Coca-Cola conduct marketing research to find out their consumer interests and desires, in finding this they will make amends to the production of their product depending on what the results show the marketing managers. (The Times 100, n.d) The marketing environment Social-cultural environment This is the environment that focuses on the understanding of their target audience; the study of this environment will help Coca-Cola understand what motivate consumers to buy their soft-drinks. Coca-Cola is also influenced by society views, for instance because of the issues surrounding the among of sugars presented in Food and Drink,   and the Food Standards Agency, the production of Coca-Cola drinks now contain less sugars, and any other ingredients that are deemed artificial and bad for Health. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) According to sources, the Food Standard Agency had in recent years opted for Drink companies to sell their fizzy drinks in smaller quantities, this was in response to the ongoing obesity crisis in the United Kingdom. ‘Drinks with added sugar such as cans of fizzy pop, should be sold in smaller 250ml cans alongside the standard 330ml, it was recommended.’ (Smith, 2010) a study of the social-cultural environment will also lead to an understanding of the demographics.   (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Economic/competitive This is the environment that allows companies to identify both macroeconomic and microeconomic situations in the market, the influences are different, it can affect the sources of long-term and short-term finances available to Coca-Cola, the influences can also effect the consumer demand from their customers, for instance the credit crunch had decreased the among of expenditure available to consumers. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) during 2008 Coca-Cola had suffered from economic influences due to the crunch, in which it was estimated that their Bottled water products were experiencing less demand, in key markets such as the US and Europe.   Because of the credit crunch bottled water had experienced a high sales growth in 2007, but ‘middle-classed wallets were squeezed down by the economic downturn’. (Anon, 2008) How Coca-Cola responded to the influences. Coca-Cola has what is described as a financial muscle, the business was at the time was predicted to not be effected by the ‘economic storm’ as their international competitors, this was arguably because of their successful approach towards brand positioning, which has allowed them to still obtain promotional support, without being disrupted by the economic downturn. (Anon, 2008)Other influences that can be either positive or negative include government policy, taxation, and interest rates.   (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Technological environment/innovation affecting Coca-Cola and many businesses in general, have had new marketing opportunities, because of the advances of technology, such influences are mostly positive, as the production and manufacturing costs of their drinks are mostly likely to have decreased. (Brassington, Pettitt, 2007) In regard to product of products, technology has also helped increase the product quality, which is important to a company such as Coca-Cola who may focus on product-orientation.   For instance, the soft drink’s company experienced new technological advances which allowed them to preserve the fuzziness’ and ice-coldness each of their bottled drinks on sale, ‘By packing new technology into each bottle, so when the cap is twisted off, a mechanism inside will create ice made from the drink itself’. (Hannaford, 2007) Technology has also helped the advancement of more opportunities for promoting the Coca-Cola brand; the company has opened an online website and has been able to advertise on internet websites which would help increase brand awareness. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Political regulatory influences These influences relate to the outside governmental regulatory bodies that have jurisdiction under our national and European parliament to impose restrictions and rules relating to trade and other business operations, such influences include the Advertising Standards Agency, for instance Coca-Cola had to an advertisement banned for ‘claiming it to be nutritious while it contained up to five teaspoons of sugar.’ (Sinclair, 2011)Because Vitamin Water contained about a quarter of a consumers GDA (guideline daily amount) for sugar as well as the added vitamins, we considered that the description of Vitamin Water as nutritious was misleading. (Sinclair, 2011) this demonstrates the impact, as the company had to recall their advertising campaign. To conclude most of these regulations that have jurisdiction over Coca-Colas operates are enforced by law to act as regulators, other regulatory bodies include, trade associations, the EU and the local and national parliament. (Brassin gton, Petttitt, 2007) Marketing Mix The marketing mix strategy is a marketing tool used by many businesses, it helps managers develop their product to suit their customer needs, the tool helps the business set pricing strategies and promotional strategies which are variable, meaning that the company can make changes to their mix to match the external influences such as the economic downturn, the marketing mix is controllable itself, it allows Coca-Cola to adapt more efficiently to environmental influences of the market. (Palmer, 2009, 2004) Why is it needed? The marketing mix is needed to match the mix elements to the consumer needs; they are the ‘ingredients to achieve the desired outcome of the consumers.’ (Palmer, 2009, 2004) Each of the elements relate to one another, for instance pricing (considered the most important mix element), would largely concern the product it self, the quality of the product determines the pricing, if it is a product of high quality then the company may adopt a premium pricing strategy for example, this would also determine the promotion mix element, audiences are different, the premium pricing strategy may influence the business to target wealthy customers, who value high quality premium products or services. As well as pros, which highlight the positive things a marketing mix strategy can do for The Coca Cola Company, there are also negative aspects of it, issues which put the customer first, such as with the developments of quality services can become lost, to combat this disadvantage it is suggested that there should be an ‘adoption of a more holistic approach by marketing managers to respond to their customer needs’(Palmer, 2009), it would be recommended that managers   focus on a product-led approach to marketing.   (Palmer, 2009) Product For Coca-cola, their main product on offer is soft drinks.   With regard to the production of the soft drink itself, the main element to their products on offer is Coca-Cola. The Coca-Cola company is an international global business, and has more than just one product within the soft-drinks market, other products include Fanta and Sprite all owned by the Coca-Cola Company. (n.d, Sharma, Kumar) Their Products on offer help the company, to motivate the consumer in purchasing the drink. It can be intangible (a service) or tangible, in this case Coca-Cola are providing tangible products. This mix will allow the Soft drinks company to moderate the quality, packaging, quantity of size, all to satisfy their consumers. The moderation is important, it allows Coca-Cola to design for instance their Packaging for different seasons, such as the Christmas season in which they make changing to the style in order to get people into the Christmas spirit, this encourage sells, it demonstrates the changes in the mix allows the company to keep up with marketing opportunities in the marketing environment, it also helps develop their brand image.   (Palmer, 2009) Place (Distribution) This mix, allows The Coca Cola Company to make sure their products are available in convenient places, wherever the consumer prefers to purchase the items, it allows the company to make new distributions, if their marketing research suggest their target audience prefer to purchase their items in new places. (Palmer, 2009)   This mix allows Coca Cola to amend their distributional strategies in place, depending their target audience preference. A good distributional strategy is crucial as an ineffective strategy will impact negatively on the companies’ turnover figures. In marketing distributional decisions, markets must focus on whether the costs of such distribution is affordable and how close the customers are to receiving the product. Marketing managers have an option to adopt strategies such as direct and selective distribution, Coca-Cola products are available in large supermarkets and vending machines, this indicates an intensive distribution, as it is available anywher e at any time (24hr petrol shops) anyplace. Recommendation for efficient distributional channel Coca Cola distributes their products to a wide variety of retailers; therefore this would indicate a need for an efficient management of distribution. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) The company as a manufacturer would need to deal with stock controlling, transporting their soft drinks products, and finding warehouse facilities for their products. Pricing This is the most important mix of all, it is important as adopting the wrong pricing strategy would lead to a loss of profits, however a good pricing strategy, which is affordable to target customers would lead to higher turnover for The Coca Cola Company. The Pricing mix varies from other Ps, as the other mainly evolves around company expenditure decisions. The Coca-Cola Companies’ Competitive Pricing Strategy According to sources, the Coca-Cola Company currently adopts a competitive pricing strategy. (Sharma, Kumar, n.d,) this is when companies set their prices according to the current market price, The marketing had become more competitive with operating companies such as Pepsi entering the market; this forced the company to adopt a competitive pricing strategy in order to stay the cheapest in the market. In this current period, along with their competitive strategy the firm has also had to make les expenditure on their manufacturing process, and more expenditure on their advertising to keep consumer interest from rivals. (Sharma, Kumar, n.d,) Cost-Based Pricing strategy Originally they were operating within a niche market, before other competitors such a Pepsi had emerged, because of the new market for Soft drinks, the company did not have to adopt a competitive pricing strategy, instead adopting a cost-based pricing strategy, in which ‘a fixed  sum  or a  percentage  of the  total cost  is added (as  income  or  profit) to the  cost  of the product  to  arrive at  its  selling price’. (Business Dictionary, n.d) Recommendation on Good Pricing Strategies ‘If the selling price of a product is set too high, a company may mot achieve its sales volume targets. If it is set too low, volume targets may be by achieved, but no profit earned.’ (Palmer, 2009) In order to adopt good pricing strategies, there will need to be some evidence such from marketing research as to what consumers will expect to pay. Many companies face hard pricing decisions, as pricing cannot be determined alone with the consideration of target audiences, it would be recommended that firms consider the marketing environment, as consumers’ needs changes depending on the current external environment, and the ‘interaction of market forces’. (Palmer, 2009) the pricing strategy is also variable, the company can make on-going changes to their pricing strategy, however such a minor difference can cause a significant change to revenue, e.g. Lower or higher profits. (Brassington, Petttitt, 2007) Promotion This mix is used to help with the communication of the companies brand to the customers, through sale promotional strategies, sponsorship and through (PR) Public Relations.   This mix helps Coca-Cola decide on their advertising expenditure. (Palmer, 2009) Promotional Decisions The promotional strategies along with product and distributional strategy all need to be considered together in order for the company to make better decisions in their mix, it all lies down to evidence, which should give good estimations on their customers likely spending habits and where to target these customers. Coca-Cola through promotional campaigns want to demonstrate how good their brand is, this can be done through various strategies, such as personal selling (Coca-Cola Stalls at public events) , sales discounts (in shopping centres) Research has shown that, Coca-Cola tends to spend large sums on advertising, for instance in 1987 the company made an expenditure of around  £140 million, in television, radio and Printing publications. (Boy, JR, Walker, JR, 1990) This kind of mass media advertising is essential, as most of their customers are likely targeted this way, it helps keep up their brand image, and in attracting new potential customers. Free tasters are also a good strategy as the company brings out new versions of its drinks; this will lead to a new consumer base, and will help generate more loyalty. SWOT Analysis This is the study of strengths, weaknesses and threats (SWOT) This is analysis is needed so that Managers can understand the main threats and opportunities, it helps to get an overall view as to whether the business is profitable or not. It helps with the anticipation of future developments for the company. The SWOT doesn’t include assets of the business; it highlights opportunities for success and potential failure (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) Strengths The Coca-cola has been operating within the market for decades, it was once a niche market for the company, this indicates power-over competitors in relation to its brand image, it has been in the ‘game’ for years, and therefore, there is a high public awareness of their products.   Ã¢â‚¬ËœCoke is the world’s largest non-alcoholic beverage company. Coke sells more than 500 brands of beverages. The company operates five geographic segments: Eurasia Africa, Europe, Latin America, North America, and Pacific.’ (Seeking Alpha, 2011) The company is still experiencing a higher profit margin, for these reasons the company has ambitions to ‘double revenue by 2020. They believe that volume will be by the fast-growing markets and improvement in North America.’  (Seeking Alpha, 2011) Weaknesses: In order for a business to survive weaknesses need to be identified and then appropriate cautions will need to be put in place so that, any weaknesses are reduced significantly so that they no longer pose a disadvantage to the company.   (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) The Coca-Cola Company has been able to remain profitable in their many years of operating as a company.   As identified before, the Advertising Standards Agency and Food Standards Agency had imposed restrictions on their advertising campaign because of the among of sugar used in their products, this demonstrates a disadvantage for the company, these restrictions could lead to lesser profits, their soft-drinks generally aren’t good for their consumers. For these reasons the company may experience negative publicity which would be a disadvantage. Opportunities: New markets: The Coca Cola had begun operating in the bottled water market, because of the growth, in which the   UK market for bottled water alone has an estimation of near to  £1.4 billion. (British Bottled Water, 2009) this is an opportunity because it opens the company to new audiences increasing their brand image. Threats: There are many threats that are imposed upon organisations, such as the ability of Pepsi, (Coca-Cola’s closet rival), to take over the Soft-Drinks industry. The fact that Coca-Cola has to adopt a competitive pricing strategy shows that there is major competition within the market. Other substituting non-alcoholic beverages also pose a threat to the company; such products sold by Starbucks can threaten the profitability of the soft-drinks company. With the ongoing regulations imposed by the Food Standards Agency and (ASA) consumer may put their health first and choose healthier soft-drink alternatives, which would cause a lowering of turnover for the company. The fact that there are competitive pricing strategies between the likes of their rivals Pepsi also imposes the likeliness of customers ignoring both companies and choosing even cheaper alternatives such as Sainsbury’s and Asda branded Cola.  Ã‚   (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) Brand management Coca-Cola company main asset is their brand image, it is important in retaining their customers. Brand management involves the enhancing of ones brand, keeping customer interest and expanding to new audiences. To do this requires a lot of attention to the customers, getting them to remember the ‘name, term, sign, symbol design or a combination of these that identifies the maker or seller of the product or service.’ (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, Armstrong, 2005) Brand management is needed, as it increases a company’s ability to get a consumer to add and worship its name and value its quality of product, fending off other competitors by teaching the customer, that their brand is better. There is also an advantage for suppliers, it allows them to Coca Cola understands the importance of its brand image, through the overly use of promotional campaigns and various attempts at direct, and personal selling. It has been said the firm prefer to spend more on its promotional campaigns than its manufacturing costs. The firm has generated a brand image through its logo, which evidently always uses the colour red, in doing this they are reminding customers of their existence whilist increasing their awareness. Branding strategies The Coca-Cola Company has introduced major soft-drink of different kinds into the market, each kind has a different image, and this demonstrates an individual branding strategy, through the usage of new brand names for the various new products they have introduced over the years. There are many advantages in doing this, it increases their audience and allows the company to work on new brands, however these new products such as Fanta do not include the original branding, and therefore it could lead to their loyal customers forgetting the Coca-Cola image. Conclusion To conclude, The Coca Cola company has implemented good strategies, the managers of the company clearly understand the importance of meeting its customer needs, and enhancing its brand image to retain and remind customers of its good brand, hence the need for such a large expenditure on promotional campaigns, it utilizes the marketing mix well, through the adoption of competitor pricing strategy, it realizes its success can be easily threatened by competitors such as Pepsi, and substitute non-alcoholic beverages such as Coffee and tea.   Through its current attitudes and good usage of the marketing mix variables, it is certain this business will continue to dominate and likely double their revenue as they have plan   to do so by 2020, however external influences such as social cultural and economic influences could lead to a failure, regulatory bodies imposing restrictions could stop the business from reaching its potential if it continues on producing ‘misleading’ a dvertisements, however the worldwide recognition of its branding and along with individual brand images, this demonstrates the business has the potential to reach their goal. Reference and Bibliography Books: Palmer, A (2009) Introduction to Marketing. Oxford University Press Brassington, F Pettitt, S Essentials of Marketing, FT Prentice Hall 2nd edititon Doyle, P. Marketing Management and Strategy, Prentice Hall Kotler, P.   (2006) Marketing Management Prentice Hall 12th Edition Boyd, W. H, Walker, C. (1990) Marketing Management: A strategic Approach International Student Edition IRWIN publishing Kotler, P, Wong, V, Saunders, J, Armstrong, G (2005) Principles of Marketing 4th European Edition Published by Pearson prentice Hall Internet Sources: The Times 100 ‘Market and Product Orientation’   thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theorymarket-product-orientation211.php [Accessed March 25th 2011] Smith, R (2010) ‘Sell fizzy pop in smaller cans: Food Standards Agency’ telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7527712/Sell-fizzy-pop-in-smaller-cans-Food-Standards-Agency.html {Accessed March 25th 2011] anon, 2008 Focus Leading water brands hit by credit crunch just-drinks.com/analysis/focus-leading-water-brands-hit-by-credit-crunch_id95738.aspx {Accessed March 25th 2011] Sinclair, L (2011)   ‘Coca-Cola in Hot Water Over Nutritious Ad’http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/UK-News/Coca-Cola-Vitamin-Water-Advert-Banned-For-Nutritious-Claim-By-Advertising-Standards-Agency/Article/201101315898121?f=rss{Accessed March 25th 2011] Hannaford, K (2007) ‘New Technology by Coca-Cola allows ice-cubes to form in bottles of Sprite: TEC’ techdigest.tv/2007/09/new_technology_1.html {Accessed March 25th 2011] Sharma, S Kumar, S (n.d) 4ps Analysis of Nestle and Cadbury Dairy Milk Pvt. Ltd. Delhi Business School scribd.com/doc/34871408/4Ps-Analysis-of-Pepsi-and-Cocacola{Accessed March 25th 2011] scribd.com/doc/31376062/MARKET-SEGMENTATION-AN [Accessed 1st April 2011] Anon, n.d Coca-Cola Case Study.   123HelpMe.com. [Accessed 1st Apr 2011] 123HelpMe.com/view.asp?id=23720. Seeking Alpha (2011) ‘Just One Stock: Returns, Cash Flow, Emerging-Market Potential for Cokes World-Class Beverage Brand†http://seekingalpha.com/article/263186-just-one-stock-returns-cash-flow-emerging-market-potential-for-coke-s-world-class-beverage-brand [Accessed 1st Apr 2011] British Bottled Water (2009) britishbottledwater.org/vitalstats.html   [Accessed 1st Apr 2011] scribd.com/doc/16945054/marketing-plan-of-coca-cola [Accessed 1st Apr 2011] scribd.com/doc/9995196/Swot-Analysis-of-Coca-Cola [Accessed 1st April 2011]

INTRODUCTION TO LAW FOR ACCOUNTANTS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

INTRODUCTION TO LAW FOR ACCOUNTANTS - Case Study Example In reference to the case given, the concerned law is the ‘law of tort’. Tort can be defined as a civil wrong for which the remedy is a common law action for liquidated damages, and is not exclusively the breach of a contract. The case before me falls under the law of tort. Therefore, negligence means the breach of duty caused by the omission to do something, which a reasonable person would do or doing a thing which a reasonable person would not do. In order for a victim to succeed in a case of negligence, he/she has to prove three things. One of the key aspects to prove is that, there was an unlawful act or omission by the defendant, also known as tortfessor. Secondly, there must be a legal damage to the victim/the plaintiff, and finally, the wrong must be of such a nature as to give rise to a legal remedy in the form of an action for damages (Bromwich and Hopwood, 1992, p. 56). Failure by Rodney to slow down was a commission of an act that a prudent person ought to have avoided. As a result, Daisy suffered physical injuries; further, the migraine, which she had been suffering from started re-occurring more frequently, and more severely. Therefore, it is advisable for Daisy to institute a civil suit against Rodney for damages caused, as a result of his actions/inactions. Zahid, Rodney’s friend, who also suffered physical injuries as a result of the accident, is also entitled to legal remedy. This is because Rodney had a duty to drive slowly, but chose to over speed thus causing an accident. Awais, who was being rushed to hospital, could have been saved had he arrived in time; however, the accident caused by Rodney caused a heavy traffic that delayed Awais from making it to the hospital in time, and thus his legal right to access medical attention promptly was infringed. If Rodney could have exercised ordinary care and skill, the accident would not have occurred. In my opinion, therefore, Awais is entitled

Management Information System Lead To Efficient Services Research Paper

Management Information System Lead To Efficient Services - Research Paper Example   The problem in the Java books is the management of supply chain wherein the procured finished goods are sold to customers. Through inventory, the finished materials are recorded, stored, processed, received, and fulfilled for the effective control of operation because it establishes the consistent connection between the purchase of books and delivery.  The information system is significant in controlling the inventory of books because after it received orders, the computer-based systems will process the changes in the data. Thus, it records relevant information automatically. Shajahan (2004) asserts that the system can inform the managers of the items that must be ordered to shipping companies. The author asserted that this system aids business to ensure a high-quality of service for costumes and saves time in searching for the records in the manual system. This strategy is most preferred due to its accurate data or information provided; hence, it prevents companies from shutti ng down. Furthermore, inventory management avoids â€Å"overstocking,† which decreases expenses because of the clear picture of needed materials (Oz, 2009, p. 86). Invoicing Invoice generation refers to the issued bill of a seller to the buyer that includes the price, quantities, and scheduled date for payment (Sagner, 2011, p. 104). Ward (1995) initiates that invoicing, with the help of MIS, will avoid errors during the transaction period between the buyer and a seller. When conducting transactions, invoice design must be readable, clean, and accurate address and statements. Automated invoicing allows for designing the format that matches the criteria such as MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) or OCR (Optical Character Recognition) fonts. Thus, it will result in the efficient transaction because of accurate information indicated in the bill including discounts. Repetition and inconsistency of orders and storage prevent problems for managers. Order Fulfillment Costumer s are conscious of their time; hence, they want for a fast, accurate, and low-cost services provided to them. Through the help of MIS, the manager can attain the desires of her customers. When customers order for a specific book, the manager can check its availability on the warehouse and response immediately to their request, which increases customer satisfaction. When compared to manual management, the customer is obliged to wait until he garners the response. However, MIS "synchronize and manage the flow of materials" despite the complexity of resources (Ricker & Kalakota, 1999, p. 66). Thus, the manager can easily meet the demand of consumers and its changing preferences due to MIS. In addition, customer satisfaction increases due to the on-time distribution system. Unlike in the manual processing in Smith's bookstore, the customers were dissatisfied because the books are delivered late. With the help of inventory control system, the processing of order fulfillment is enhanced. It is noted that on-time delivery of orders signifies an efficient distribution operation. According to Ricker and Kalakota (1999), order fulfillment creates an impact on customers due to the following reasons: on-time delivery, less erroneous mistakes, and convenience in customer experience.  Ã‚  

The use of progress monitoring can help provide educators with a Essay - 1

The use of progress monitoring can help provide educators with a valuable tool to improve their own teaching - Essay Example remise of the book is that moral propensities and principles are the end-result of forces of culture, laws of nature, and the contingencies of history (Shermer, 18). The author presents a contention that believers do not need to be alienated. Since the general acceptance for the existence of God makes it acceptable for one to believe that God created and laws of nature to inculcate within human beings a moral sense. Furthermore, He also inculcated moral principles within human cultures. Without religion, it would be hard to achieve morality. This remains the basic premise from which the true definition of religion can be developed, and it serves as the principal target of Shermer in his book. At the fundamental of Shermer’s argument regarding the evolution of morality, is the denotation and actual sense of religion. Shermer describes religion as a social institution that progressed as a fundamental mechanism of human philosophy (Shermer 7). The importance of the origin of reli gion was to create and promote myths with a view of encouraging cooperation and altruism. Furthermore, religion encompasses the discouragement of competitiveness and selfishness. Thus, the real meaning of religion is the revelation of the level of obligation for members of the community to unite and return goodness. Shermer poses the question; can individuals lead moral lives in the absence of recourse to a transcendent being that might or might not exist? In his query, he recognize the immediate and historic function of religious practice in inculcating moral values. He argues that the true meaning of religion enable one to develop moral character while observing ethical way of life. The author creates the most precise definition of religion. He argues that it is important to ask the following question: can individuals construct an ethical system in the absence of religion? The answer the Shermer proposes appears to be affirmative on both counts. He does not belittle or disregard human

Regional Economic Integration

Regional Economic Integration Regional economic integration becomes a new trend in the world of trading nowadays; there are many World Regions and Trade Organizations such as APEC, EU, NAFTA and ASEAN (Trade, 2010). In this essay, the objective is comparing the European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which are known as two top regional economic integrations in the world. Before comparing and contrasting these two regional trade associations, this essay will firstly consider giving some background knowledge of EU and NAFTA. It will then go on with comparing the level of regional economic integration with free trade area, custom union, common market, economic union and political union between EU and NAFTA. Making the comparison between the impact of integration in EU and NAFTA will be stated as the third section in this essay. At the end, this essay will give a conclusion in order to summarize the key point in the main body. EU, whose forerunner was the European Economic Community (EEC) that was founded in 1958 and changed its name into EU in 1993, followed the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty (European Union, n.d). The EU includes 27 European countries today, as an economic and political partnership between these countries. In addition, according to Actrav (n.d), the objective of the EU is calling to eliminate the internal trade barriers and create a common external tariff in order to strengthen the economic and social harmonious development and establish finally unified monetary economic monetary union (EMU), promote economic and social between member countries. Moreover, EU can develop the free moverment of goods, services, capital and people. Compare with North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), according to United States Trade Representative (n.d), NAFTA consist of the United States, Canada, and Mexico on 1 January, 1994. Moreover, some restrictions and duties were eliminated in 2008. SICE (2012) expounded that the objective of NAFTA include the following guidelines: Elimination within 10 years of tariffs on 99 percent of the goods traded between member countries. Remove majority of the barriers on the cross-border flow of services. Intellectual property rights are protected. Foreign direct investment between member countries is less restrictions. Members can apply national environmental standards. Commissions are establish to police violations. The next part of this essay shows the information about regional economic integration, which relates the EU and NAFTA. According to Charles (2011, p 688), regional economic integration can be defined as agreements among countries in a geographic region to reduce and ultimately remove tariff and nontariff barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and factors of production between each other. European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement are the most obvious example to show regional economic integration. Charles (2011) stated that there are five levels of economic integration, which are free trade area, customs union, common market, common market, economic union and political union. The table 1 is shown below: The first level of economic integration is free trade agreements (FTAs). Rolf and Nataliya (2001) explained that FTAs can avoid the barriers such as import tariffs and import quotas between signatory countries. Each country can determine its own policies with nonmember. For example, the traffic barriers are very different between member and nonmember (Charles, 2011). In addition, according to WTO (2002), the most popular form of regional economic integration is free trade agreements, which accounts for almost 90 percent of regional agreements. The example of free trade area in the world is the NAFTA that include three countries, are United State, Canada and Mexico. NAFTANOW (2012) explained that NAFTA is the largest FTAs in the world, has abolished most parts of tariff and non-tariff which are barriers for trade and investment in the union systematically. Also, NAFTA has helped create a certain and confident environment for long term investment through the establishment of a successf ul and reliable regulation for the safe investment. EU also eliminated the tariff and non-tariff barriers during trade between member countries, but has a little bit different with NAFTA, which EU focus on the non-tariff barriers than tariff. The next level of economic integration is customs union (CU), which build on a free trade area. Michael Holden (2003) descried that members in a customs union have no trade barriers with goods, as well as services among them. Besides, the CU put forward a common trade policy which shows respect to those nonmembers. It is a typical form for common external tariff that has the same tariff sold to any member countries when the subjects of imports are nonmembers. For example, EU began in this level at the beginning, but now it has moved to the high level of economic integration. In addition, NAFTA also has comment external trade barrier from outside. For example, Andean Community is known as the customs unions around the world, which assured free trade between signatory countries and compelled with a common tariff of 5 to 20 per cent on trading products while importing from countries outside the union. According to Jennifer (2004), every single common market represents a major step to important integration of economy. Except for the involvement of the provision for customs union, a common market (CM) moves all barriers into capital and other resources, peoples mobility within the areas mentioned in the question, as well as removing the non-tariff barriers of trading such as controllable management of the standards for the product. A common markets establishment typically needs the accordance of those significant policies within many areas. As an example, free movement of labor makes the agreements of worker qualification and certification necessary. Besides, a common market is also typically relevant to a comprehensive assemblage of monetary and fiscal policies, whether through design or the result, because of the increasing economic interdependence with the area and the influences that one member state can bring on another or other countries, which gives more rigorous restrictions on the ability of the engagement on the independent economic policies with the necessarily. The first coming benefit of establishing a common market is the gains of economic efficiency under expectation. Within the common market, labor and capital could respond to the economic signals more easily with the unfettered mobility, which lead to a higher allocation efficiency. In EU and NAFTA, both of regional trade associations can be seem as common market, because they can freely move the capital, people and goods without barriers. For example, in EU the people can travel most of the continent without border controls between EU countries and NAFTA also the same as EU (European Union, n.d). Michael Holden (2003), the deepest form of economic integration, also known as an economic union, adds the requirements of the accordance between a numbers of key policy areas to a common market. Apparently, economic unions as a higher level of integration, require formally coordinated monetary and fiscal policies as well as labor market, regional development, transportation and industrial policies. It would have opposite results to operate dispersive policies in those regions since all countries would share economic space basically. An economic union contains the usage of a unified monetary policy and a common currency with frequency. The functions of an economic union would be enhanced with eliminating the uncertainty of exchange rate through permitting trade to follow efficient was economically instead of being unduly influenced by considering exchange rate, which is also suitable for business location choosing. Supranational institutions would be requested to manage the trade wit hin the areas of union in order to ensure consistent applications of the regulations. These laws should still be administered within a national level while countries would renounce the control over this area. In economic union, there are many different between EU and NAFTA. One of the most important differences is the currency. In the EU, it has a single currency of Euro, however, the currency not just one in NAFTA. In addition, the political structure of the EU and NAFTA also different. There are four main institutions in the EU political structure, which are European Commission, the Council of European Union, the European Parliament, and the Court of Justice. Moreover, EU has own fiscal police of Maastricht Treaty. In contrast, NAFTA has not political structure to control the police, because NAFTA is like a law which became in 1994 (Charles, 2011). Therefore, NAFTA can be seem as economic union because no single currency between member countries. The move toward economic union raises the issue of how to make a coordinating bureaucracy accountable to the citizens of member nations. The answer is through political union in which a central political apparatus coordinates the economic, social, and foreign policy of the member states (Charles, 2011, p268). The United State is the good example, which even closer this stage. However, NAFTA and the EU both are not become political union. In the third part of this essay, it will talk about the impact of integration in EU and NAFTA, such as economic grow, increased competition and so on. The EU establishes a single currency which is benefit for the Europeans. There are many reasons; first, handling one currency is better than many, because companies and individuals can save a lot. For example, people going from Germany to French, they do not go to bank in order to change German deutsche into French francs. Second, when the consumers to shop around the Europe, one currency can make them easier to compare prices of goods and service, which will lead to increase competition. For example, if the car sell in France is cheaper than Germany, the people can go to France buy the car and then sell in Germany. This will make the German company face a competition with French company. Third, a common currency can increase the highly liquid pan-European capital market. In addition, according to Gabriele (2008), the EU also impact on business because the transaction costs between the members of EU will disappearance, which can make the products produce in lower cost. It will get more competitive advantage with nonmember countries. However, the drawback of Euro is that national authorities will lose control over monetary policy. And the implied of loss of national sovereignty to the European Central Bank (ECB) underlies the decision by Great Britain, Denmark and Sweden to stay out of the euro zone for now (Charles, 2011, p278). Furthermore, another disadvantage of the euro is that may lead to economic growth become lower and inflation will higher in Europe. The impact of integration in NAFTA is increase exports, imports and investment between U.S. in NAFTA countries, which will lead to increase economic grow. According to United States Trade Representative (n.d), the goods exports of U.S. to NAFTA increased 23.4% between 2010 and 2009, and up 149% from 1994. In addition, the import from NAFTA countries also developed 25.6 from 2009, and up 184% from 1994. Moreover, United State foreign directs investment (FDI) in NAFTA also up 8.8% between 2009 and 2008. All of these data show that the integration makes NAFTA countries trade and invest more than before. In addition, Charles (2011) explained that as other influences over NAFTA, companies from US and Canada would move their industries into Mexico for its labor market with low cost. At the meantime, Mexico could get benefits from the inward investment and the improvement with employment with the labor market.It is beneficial for US and Canada because Mexicans could import more goods from U S and Canada with their increasing incomes, therefore increasing demand of Mexicans and the making up for jobs lost in companies that moved production to Mexico, which brings advantages to US and Canada with the lower-price products made in Mexico.In addition, the advantage of lower labor costs in Mexico can increase the international competitiveness of U.S. and Canadian firm to better compete with outside of competitors such as Asian and European rivals. The negative of NAFTA is that loss of U.S. jobs to Mexico, which up to 5.9 millions. Moreover, the Mexicos environment deteriorated is the other problem in NAFTA, because the productions of the United States move into Mexico. The same production will effect more cheaply and more dirtily, which will result in environment deteriorated. Such as globally in terms of resource depletion, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and ecosystem spoilage. Furthermore, there was also opposition in Mexico to NAFTA from those who feared a loss o f national sovereignty. This point of view is similar with the costs of the Euro (Charles, 2011). In conclusion, after compare and contrast of regional economic integration between EU and NAFTA, there are many factors are similar. For example, they both are free trade area, customs union and common market, because they meet the requirements of these three stages. In addition, they have not tariff and non-tariff barriers between member countries. Moreover, both have common external tariff to nonmember countries and free movement of capital, people and goods. However, the big different between EU and NAFTA is, EU has a single currency and fiscal police, but NAFTA without these two elements. In the part of impact of integration, it shows the positives and negatives of EU and NAFTA. The similar points are both can increase their economic growth and foreign direct investment in signatory countries. In addition, they both face some problem of nation will loss of national sovereignty, such as Mexico and Sweden. However, EU also has a problem of lost control over monetary policy but NAFT A will not face this issue, because NAFTA is not single currency in U.S., Canada and Mexico.

Examination of Clinical Psychology Essay

Clinical psychology has a full history that dates back to the early days of Greek philosophy. The combination of philosophy, current psychology and science has created a specific discipline in clinical psychology. Research continues to improve and evolve this branch of psychology. There are certain distinctions that set clinical psychology apart from other areas of this discipline and this paper will explore not only those distinctions but also the history of clinical psychology. The History of Clinical Psychology The beginnings of psychology in general can be found in the era of Greek philosophy. Early philosophical thinkers saw the connection between the mind and body including the influence that relationship had concerning emotional sickness. Hippocrates, Plato, and Aristotle were a few of those that recognized the soul or spirit as being the primary force of the body. They also recognized that problems within the soul could manifest in physical illness (Plante, 2011, p. 34). In the middle ages, any kind of mental, emotional or physical sickness was thought to be characteristic of sin or evil and treatments of such issues were dealt with on a spiritual level. The following Renaissance era was all about scientific research and discovery taking the previous beliefs on spiritual origins and disproving them. Illness was established as something more explainable by scientific research rather than spiritual and metaphysical beliefs (Plante, 2011). As the nineteenth century rolled in, members of psychological study started to have a more accurate understanding of the connection between the body and mind. Sigmund Freud was one such forward thinker and he promoted theories that unconscious thoughts of the mind can hold a strong influence on one’s health drawing on the original beliefs of the Greeks (Parsons, 1958). The actual emergence of psychology began with the development of the first laboratory and book of psychology by Wilhelm Wundt. Development was quick after this first large step even though the new concepts and principles of psychology were being applied to peoples’ issues. Also the wars of our history provided a platform for the world of clinical psychology. Service members emerged in war required specialized treatments which led to the development of psychometric assessments. Later developments led to the creation of evolved models of guidelines and training for the education of clinical psychologists (Plante, 2011). Clinical Psychology’s Evolving Nature Clinical psychology has a fundamental instrument that develops its evolving nature which is described by its relationship with modern medicine and used of scientific methods (Kazdin, 2008). Clinical psychology continues to develop applications as new scientific evidence mounts. Contemporary clinical psychology embodies the scientific advances of science mixing in a deep understanding of the mind. The relationship of practice and research continue to come together to facilitate continual improvements in treatments and this relationship is a necessary element to the evolving nature (Kazdin, 2008). The only possible challenge for clinical psychology and research is the challenge of trying to customize treatment to meet the patient’s individual needs when there really is no defined outline of every individualistic need for each individual patient (Kazdin, 2008 p. 17). The Role of Research and Statistics in Clinical Psychology Research is a vital aspect of any psychology and clinical psychology is no different. Research provides the empirical foundation to answer questions with validity. Statistics is a vital part of this research since this area of the research facilitates researchers being able to conclude if the information is substantial and relevant. Research is also vital because to clinical psychology because it boosts therapy methods which leads to the improvement of one’s life and it also helps discover effective methods to diagnose and treat human behavioral issues (Plante, 2011). The scientific method of empirical study also benefits the researchers themselves enabling them to gain critical thinking skills. Research is one of the most fundamental practices that allows for the betterment of clinical psychology (Plante, 2011). Clinical Psychology as it Differs from Other Disciplines The primary differences between other disciplines and clinical psychology involve the targeted training, area of focus and possibly even the educational requirements. Some psychologists participating in the area of clinical diagnosis, such as a school psychologist or social worker, generally must earn a master’s degree but other specialized areas of clinical psychology might require a doctorate (Plante, 2011). School psychologists also specialize primarily in working with children and society’s youth whereas social workers can serve a more broad population and work in hospitals, schools or even county programs. Areas of counseling psychology are very similar to clinical psychology and there is the belief that the two separate groups do not even need to exist separately (Kazdin, 2008). There are also psychiatrists who have the added, extensive education and training in the medical arena and for all intended purposes they are physicians. They not only counsel as psychologists but are allowed to issue psychiatric medicine. Then there are other various mental health care professionals such as psychiatric nurses, specialized counselors, and industry and organization counselors who all provide clinical services. Even though clinical psychology differs in some aspects from other counseling professions, all of them have the purpose of using psychological principles to understand human behavior, helping individuals to live healthier and happier lives (Plante, 2011). Conclusion As this paper has laid out, there are many various contributions to the formation of clinical psychology becoming its own discipline. The evolution has traveled a long road but it has been steady and continuous with new information being discovered through scientific methods. Philosophy kicked off the curiosity that lead to future contributions by pioneers such as Freud and his psychoanalytic methods. Clinical psychology does hold its differences amongst other disciplines of psychology but the overall goal of all disciplines still remains to serve the general human population, attempting to give everyone a chance at a better quality of life. References Kazdin, A. E. (2008). Evidence based treatment and practice: new opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice. American Psychologist, 63(3), 146-159. Parsons, T. (1958). Social Structure and the Development of Personality: Freud’s Contribution to the Integration of Psychology and Sociology. Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 21(10), 321-340. Plante, T. (2011). Contemporary clinical psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.